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"The History of the Peloponnesian War" by Thucydides is a historical account written between 431-411 BC. It chronicles the devastating conflict between Sparta's Peloponnesian League and Athens' Delian League. Written by an Athenian general who fought in the war, this unfinished work ends abruptly mid-sentence. Considered one of the earliest scholarly histories, it employs strict chronology and extensive speeches while attempting objectivity. Thucydides attributes events to human choices rather than divine intervention, establishing methods that shaped Western historical writing. (This is an automatically generated summary.)

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The State of Greece from the earliest Times to the Commencement of the
Peloponnesian War

Thucydides, an Athenian, wrote the history of the war between the
Peloponnesians and the Athenians, beginning at the moment that it broke
out, and believing that it would be a great war and more worthy of
relation than any that had preceded it. This belief was not without its
grounds. The preparations of both the combatants were in every
department in the last state of perfection; and he could see the rest
of the Hellenic race taking sides in the quarrel; those who delayed
doing so at once having it in contemplation. Indeed this was the
greatest movement yet known in history, not only of the Hellenes, but
of a large part of the barbarian world—I had almost said of mankind.
For though the events of remote antiquity, and even those that more
immediately preceded the war, could not from lapse of time be clearly
ascertained, yet the evidences which an inquiry carried as far back as
was practicable leads me to trust, all point to the conclusion that
there was nothing on a great scale, either in war or in other matters.

For instance, it is evident that the country now called Hellas had in
ancient times no settled population; on the contrary, migrations were
of frequent occurrence, the several tribes readily abandoning their
homes under the pressure of superior numbers. Without commerce, without
freedom of communication either by land or sea, cultivating no more of
their territory than the exigencies of life required, destitute of
capital, never planting their land (for they could not tell when an
invader might not come and take it all away, and when he did come they
had no walls to stop him), thinking that the necessities of daily
sustenance could be supplied at one place as well as ano

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